BY MARY KRANE DERR
Feminists of the 1960s and 1970s were hardly the first to address abortion. Their 19th- and early 20th-century foremothers also took a strong, if -- to many today -- unexpectedly oppositional, stance. Since at least the late 1980s, pro-choicers and pro-lifers have repeatedly and heatedly disputed the precise content and meaning of this herstory. After over two decades of research and writing on this subject, I cannot agree with pro-choicers who outright deny that early feminists opposed abortion or who claim that this opposition was for now-irrelevant or retrograde reasons. Nor can I side with abortion opponents who crudely invoke early feminists even as they defend policies that harm women, such as restricted access to family planning (pregnancy prevention) services.
So what did early feminists really say and do regarding abortion, and why?
While I cannot here do justice to the abundant, many-voiced early feminist literature on abortion, I can briefly outline a consensus shared by everyone from anarchist, freethinking "free lovers" to Women's Christian Temperance Union members. For documentation of primary and secondary sources, please consult the book I co-edited with Rachel MacNair and Linda Naranjo-Huebl, ProLife Feminism: Yesterday and Today, Second Expanded Edition (FNSA/Xlibris, 2005), as well as my article "Activism throughout the Centuries" in Consistently Opposing Killing, edited by Rachel MacNair and Stephen Zunes (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008).
Like some who identify as feminists today, early feminists opposed abortion out of a belief that life began at conception and acquired human rights at that point. The context of this belief was something parallel to a present-day consistent life ethic. Early feminists' concern for prenatal lives was hardly a single-issue one. It was interwoven with their robust advocacy for women, especially their defense of women's non-abortion reproductive rights, and for already-born children. It was hardly unrelated to their challenges to racism, classism, imperialism, the death penalty, and war and (in many cases) their promotion of animal welfare and practice of vegetarianism.
Early feminists did not oppose abortion simply in deference to its illegality. They nonviolently challenged many quite legal practices, such as the denial of women's right to vote, marital rape and domestic violence, and bans on the open discussion and provision of family planning. Early feminists were deeply concerned about the danger to women's lives from doubly unsafe abortion procedures. At the same time, they spoke about any abortion that killed a woman as a taking of two lives, not one.
Photo by Paul Downey; some rights reserved.
Early feminists demanded, and themselves created, greater social supports for pregnant and parenting women and their children. Single mothers and their children were ruthlessly denied food, clothing, shelter, and healthcare on the grounds that this was aiding and abetting "immorality." Many single mothers could not survive without going into prostitution. Married mothers, too, struggled in isolation with such difficulties as domestic violence and economic insecurity. If they were middle or upper class, they faced enforced economic dependence; if working class, toxin-riddled, unsafe jobs that failed to pay living wages or allow for healthy childcare practices. As happens today, pious rhetoric about the sacredness of marriage, home, and family frequently obscured these difficulties and blocked effective solutions.
Early feminists squarely held men responsible for any children they conceived, inside or outside marriage. They called men to responsibility in an even more radical way through anti-slavery activists' documentation of sexual and reproductive outrages that white men committed against African American women and children. As Matilda Joslyn Gage stated, no "subject lies deeper down into woman's wrongs" than "the denial of the right to herself."
Although this might seem very strange to today's pro-choicers, when early feminists spoke of a woman's "right to herself" or "right over her own body," this did not include a right to abortion. It did encompass many measures that would empower women to prevent unintended pregnancies, abortions, and cases of difficult motherhood. Woman's right to her own body unquestionably meant her right to choose whether, when, and with whom she wished to have penis-vagina sex and thus face the possibility of conception. In other words, it meant freedom from rape, inside and outside of marriage -- at a time when the very notion of marital rape was laughed at, even more than it is today. Despite the prevailing cultural belief that "virtuous" women should remain ignorant, feminists also insisted upon thorough sexual and reproductive health education as part of woman's body-right.
Against widespread contempt for "old maids" such as Susan B. Anthony, early feminists defended women's right and ability to choose a generative singlehood. Although voluntary pregnancy prevention was cast and abhorred as some monstrously wicked, selfish shirking of maternal duty, many early feminists stood up for women's liberty to use contraceptives and even resort to "Dianaism," or sexual practices other than penis-vagina intercourse. In a time when women were reviled or pitied even more than they are today for not marrying men, a number of women's rights activists openly chose "Boston marriages," or committed same-sex domestic partnerships, or at the very least warmly supported their friends and colleagues who made this choice.
Could the herstory of early feminists on abortion still mean something for today's abortion debate -- other than more pointless, unproductive argument that leaves real-life women and children, born and unborn, out in the cold? Despite all the bickering I have heard and despaired over, I dare to hope so. I believe that this herstory holds at least two big lessons for the present time.
First, many -- not all, but many -- pro-choicers and pro-lifers alike can validly claim these pioneering feminists as foremothers. Substantial numbers on both "sides" share a consciousness, arising from shared historical sources, of women's and already-born children's rights. Second, if people from both "sides" share this consciousness, they can together contemplate the early feminist analysis of causes of and solutions for unintended pregnancy and abortion. They can ask, "How does this analysis fit and no longer fit the present? To what particular collective as well as individual responsibilities does it invite us?"
What if a strong pro-choice/pro-life coalition demanded a toxin-free environment, a better child support enforcement system, a living wage, paid family leave, and genuinely universal health care that included a full array of voluntary family planning methods, prompt access to quality prenatal care, and drug rehabilitation for those who need it? What if we redesig